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Vaccinations are a critical component to preventive
care for your dog. Thanks to the development of vaccines, dogs have been
protected from numerous disease threats, including rabies, distemper, hepatitis
and several others. Some of these diseases can be passed from dogs to people —
so canine vaccinations have protected human health as well. Studies have shown
that vaccines protect dogs for longer than previously believed. There have also
been improvements in the type of vaccines produced. Also, there is increased
awareness and concern that vaccination is not as harmless a procedure as once
thought. These factors have led to a growing number of veterinarians who
recommend reduced frequency of vaccinations while at the same time tailoring
vaccine recommendations to specific risk situations.
To assist veterinarians with making vaccine
recommendations for dogs, the American Animal Hospital Association has issued a
set of canine vaccine guidelines. Developed by a group of infectious disease
experts, immunologists, researchers and practicing veterinarians, these
guidelines were first released in 2003 and revised with new information in
2006. All dogs are different; therefore, vaccine decisions should be made on an
individual basis for each dog. Issues to consider include the age, breed,
health status, environment, lifestyle, and travel habits of the dog. Health
threats vary from city to city and even in various sections of cities. You can
work with your veterinarian to tailor an immunization program that best
protects your dog based on his risk and lifestyle factors.
Is vaccinating my pet
a risk to his or her health?
Vaccination against disease is a medical procedure
and, like all medical procedures, carries some possible risk. As in any medical
procedure or decision, the benefits must be balanced against the risks.
Veterinarians recommend that no needless risks should be taken and that the
best way to accomplish that is to reduce the number and frequency of
administration of unnecessary vaccines. As is the case with any medical
decision, you and your veterinarian should make vaccination decisions after
considering your dog’s age, lifestyle, and potential exposure to infectious
diseases.
What possible risks
are associated with vaccination?
Vaccine reactions, of all types, are infrequent. Most
vaccine reactions and side effects (such as local pain and swelling) are
self-limiting. Allergic reactions are less common, but if untreated can be
fatal. These can occur soon after vaccination. If you see such a reaction,
please contact your veterinarian as soon as possible. In a small number of
patients, vaccines can stimulate the patient’s immune system against his or her
own tissues, resulting in diseases that affect the blood, skin, joints or
nervous system. Again, such reactions are infrequent but can be life
threatening. There is a possible complication of a tumor developing at the
vaccination site in a small number of pets, most frequently cats. Please
contact your veterinarian for more information.
How do I know which
vaccines my pet needs?
There are two general groups of vaccines to consider:
core and noncore vaccines.
Core vaccines are generally recommended for all dogs
and protect against diseases that are more serious or potentially fatal. These
diseases are found in all areas of North America and are more easily
transmitted than noncore diseases. The
following are core vaccines: distemper, adenovirus, parvovirus and rabies. Noncore
vaccines are those reserved for patients at specific risk for infection due to
exposure or lifestyle. Kennel cough,
Lyme disease and leptospirosis vaccines would be classified within the noncore
group.
How often should my
dog be vaccinated?
Make sure that your dog completes the initial series
of core vaccines administered at the puppy stage, as well as booster shots at
one year of age. Following these one-year boosters, the AAHA Canine Vaccine
Guidelines recommend that the distemper, adenovirus and parvovirus core
vaccines be administered once every three years. States and municipalities
govern how often rabies boosters are administered. Some areas require a rabies
booster be administered annually. Others require a three-year-effective rabies
booster be given every three years. Still others allow either a one-year or a
three-year rabies vaccine to be utilized. Noncore vaccinations should be
administered whenever the risk of the disease is significant enough to override
any risk of vaccination. For example, kennel cough vaccine may need to be
administered up to every six months in a dog repeatedly being kenneled or
exposed to groups of dogs at grooming salons or dog shows. There is a history
of yearly vaccinations boosters, and some veterinarians do not feel it is
prudent to change that recommendation just yet. However, the AAHA Canine
Vaccine Guidelines reflect that there is growing support for extended duration
of protection. Therefore more veterinarians are vaccinating less frequently and
more selectively.
Does this mean I only
need to see my veterinarian every three years?
Regular wellness examinations should be completes at
least once or twice a year and are the most important preventive measure that
you can provide for your dog. Vaccinations are just one component of the
wellness visit. To help keep your dog in optimum health, regular wellness
examinations are critical; regardless of how often vaccines are administered.
Remember, dogs age at a much faster than humans and may need check-ups more
often. Plus they don’t always show signs of early disease, and they can’t
easily communicate discomfort to us. During the wellness exam, your
veterinarian has an opportunity to detect and prevent problems at an early
stage.
Can my veterinarian
conduct a test to see if my dog needs to be vaccinated?
Tests that measure protective antibody levels for
diseases are called titers. In recent years reliable titer tests for some
diseases such as canine distemper and parvovirus have become more readily
available and economical. Veterinarians may recommend using these titer tests
in some cases to determine whether or not vaccinations are needed. Your
veterinarian can provide you with more information on titer testing.
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